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许慎

2022-04-28 13:40:11
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   古者庖牺氏之王天下也,仰则观象于天,俯则观法于地,观鸟兽之文与地之宜,
近取诸身,远取诸物;于是始作易八卦,以垂宪象。及神农氏,结绳为治,而统其事
。庶业其繁,饰伪萌生。黄帝史官仓颉,见鸟兽蹄迒之迹,知分理可相别异也,初造
书契。百工以乂,万品以察,盖取诸夬。「夬,扬于王庭」,言文者,宣教明化于王
者朝庭,「君子所以施禄及下,居德则(明)忌」也。


   仓颉之初作书也,盖依类象形,故谓之文。其后形声相益,即谓之字。文者,物
象之本;字者,言孳乳而寖多也。着于竹帛谓之书。书者,如也。以迄五帝三王之世
,改易殊体,封于泰山者七十有二代,靡有同焉。


   周礼:八岁入小学,保氏教国子,先以六书。一曰指事。指事者,视而可识,察
而见意,「上、下」是也。二曰象形。象形者,画成其物,随体诘诎,「日、月」是也。
三曰形声。形声者,以事为名,取譬相成,「江、河」是也。四曰会意。会意,
比类合谊,以见指撝,「武、信」是也。五曰转注。转注者,建类一首,同意相受,
考、老」是也。六曰假借。假借者,本无其事,依声託事,「令、长」是也。及宣王
太史籀,着大篆十五篇,与古文或异。至孔子书六经,左丘明述春秋传,皆以古文,
厥意可得而说也。


   其后诸侯力政,不统于王。恶礼乐之害己,而皆去其典籍。分为七国,田畴异亩
,车涂异轨,律令异法,衣冠异制,言语异声,文字异形。秦始皇帝初兼天下,丞相
李斯乃奏同之,罢其不与秦文合者。斯作仓颉篇。中车府令赵高作爰历篇。大史令胡
毋敬作博学篇。皆取史籀大篆,或颇省改,所谓小篆也。


   是时,秦灭书籍,涤除旧典。大发吏卒,兴戍役。官狱职务繁,初有隶书,以趣
约易,而古文由此而绝矣。自尔秦书有八体:一曰大篆,二曰小篆,三曰刻符,四曰
虫书,五曰摹印,六曰署书,七曰殳书,八曰隶书。


   汉兴有草书。尉律:学僮十七以上始试。讽籀书九千字,乃得为史。又以八体试
之。郡移太史并课。最者以为尚书史。书或不正,辄举劾之。今虽有尉律,不课,小
学不修,莫达其说久矣。


   孝宣皇帝时,召通仓颉读者,张敞从受之。凉州刺史杜业,沛人爰礼,讲学大夫
秦近,亦能言之。孝平皇帝时,徵礼等百余人,令说文字未央廷中,以礼为小学元士
。黄门侍郎扬雄,采以作训纂篇。凡仓颉以下十四篇,凡五千三百四十字,群书所载
,略存之矣。


   及亡新居摄,使大司空甄丰等校文书之部。自以为应制作,颇改定古文。时有六
书:一曰古文,孔子壁中书也。二曰奇字,即秦隶书。秦始皇帝使下杜人程邈所作。
五曰缪篆,所以摹印也。六曰鸟虫书,所以书幡信也。


   壁中书者,鲁共王坏孔子宅,而得礼记、尚书、春秋、论语、孝经。又北平侯张
苍献春秋左氏传。郡国亦往往于山川得鼎彝,其铭即前代之古文,皆自相似。虽叵复
见远流,其详可得略说也。


   而世人大共非訾,以为好奇者也,故诡更正文,乡壁虚造不可知之书,变乱常行
,以耀于世。诸生竞逐说字,解经谊,称秦之隶书为仓颉时书,云:「父子相传,何
得改易!」乃猥曰:「马头人为长,人持十为斗,虫者,屈中也。」廷尉说律至以字
断法:「苛人受钱,苛之字止句也。」若此者甚众,皆不合孔氏古文,谬于史籀。鄙
夫俗儒,翫其所习,蔽所希闻。不见通学,未尝睹字例之条。怪旧埶而善野言,以其
所知为秘妙,究洞圣人之微恉。又见仓颉篇中「幼子承诏」,因曰:「古帝之所作也
,其辞有神僊之术焉。」其迷误不谕,岂不悖哉!


   书曰:「予欲观古人之象。」言必遵修旧文而不穿凿。孔子曰:「吾犹及史之阙
文,今亡矣夫。」盖非其不知而不问。人用己私,是非无正,巧说邪辞,使天下学者疑。
盖文字者,经艺之本,王政之始。前人所以垂后,后人所以识古。故曰:「本立
而道生。」知天下之至赜而不可乱也。今叙篆文,合以古籀。博采通人,至于小大。
信而有证,稽譔其说。将以理群类,解谬误,晓学者,达神恉。分别部居,不相杂厕也。
万物咸睹,靡不兼载。厥谊不昭,爰明以喻。其称易孟氏、书孔氏、诗毛氏、礼
周官、春秋左氏、论语、孝经,皆古文也。其于所不知,盖阙如也。

 <说文解字叙>全文翻译

作者:台湾大学台大中文系  徐富昌编
来源:http://ceiba.cc.ntu.edu.tw/
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往古的时侯,伏牺氏治理天下,(他)仰观天象,俯察地理,观察鸟兽的形象和大地的脉理,近的取法自身,远的取于它物,在这个基础上,才创作了《易》和八卦,用卦象示人吉凶。到了神农氏的时代,使用结绳记事的办法治理社会,管理当时的事务,社会上的行业和杂事日益繁多,掩饰作伪的事儿也发生了。(到了黄帝的时代,)黄帝的史官仓颉看到鸟兽的足迹,悟出纹理有别而鸟兽可辨,因而开始创造文字。(文字用于社会之后,)百业有定,万类具明。仓颉造字的本意,大概取意于《夬卦》,《夬卦》说,臣子应当辅佐君王,使王政畅行。这就是说,仓颉创造文字是为了宣扬教令、倡导风範,有助于君王的施政。君王运用文字工具,更便于向臣民施予恩泽,而臣民应以立德为本,切不可自恃具有文字之工去捞取爵禄。

仓颉初造文字,是按照物类画出形体,所以叫做「文」,随后又造出合体的会意字、形声字,以扩充文字的数量,这些文字就叫做「字」。叫它为「字」,是说它来自「文」的孳生,使文字的数量增多。把文字写在竹简、丝帛上,叫做「书」。「书」意味着写事像其事。(文字)经历了「五帝」、「三王」的漫长岁月,有的改动了笔画:有的造了异体,所以在泰山封禅祭天的七十二代君主留下的石刻,字体各不相同。

《周礼》规定八岁的士族子弟进入初等学馆学习,学官教育他们,先教「六书」。《「六书」的名称,)第一叫指事,指事的含义是:字形、结构看起来认得,但须经过考察才能知道它所体现的字义,上下二字即属此例。第二叫象形,象形的含义是:用画画的办法画出那个物体,笔画的波势曲折同自然物的态势相一致,日月二字即属此例。第三叫形声,形声的含义是,按照事物的性质和叫法,挑选可相比譬的声符和义符组成文字,江河二字即属此例。第四叫会意,会意的含义是:比联起事理有关的字素,构成文字;掺合字素的意义,可以得知新字的字义或旨趋,武信二字即属此例。第五叫转注,转注的含义是:立一字为头、为根,创制类属字,类属字对根字的形音义有所承袭,与根字意义相通,考老二字即属此例。第六叫假借,假借的含义是:没有为某事某物造字,而按照某事某物的叫法,找一个同音字代表它,令长二字即属此例。

到了周宣王的太史籀整理出大篆十五篇,籀文同古文有了差异。(不过古文尚在通行,)一直到(春秋末年)孔子写「六经」,左丘明着《左传》都还在使用古文;古文的形体、意义仍为学者们所通晓。再往后(到了战国),诸侯们依靠暴力施政,不服从周天子;他们憎恶礼乐妨害自己,都抛弃典籍(各行其是)。中国分为七雄并峙,田亩的丈量方法相异,车子的规格尺码不同,法令制度各有一套,衣服帽子各有规定,说起话来方音分歧,写起字来相互乖异。

秦始皇初灭六国,丞相李斯就奏请统一制度,废除那些不与秦国文字相合的字。(李斯等人负贾规範文字,)李斯写了《仓颉篇》,中车府令赵高写了《爰历篇》,太史令胡毋敬写了《博学篇》,(它们)都取用史籀大篆的字体,有些字还很作了一些简化和改动,这种字体就是人们所说的「小篆」。这个时候,秦始皇焚烧《经书》,除灭古籍,征发吏卒,大兴戍卫、徭役,官府衙狱事务繁多,于是产生了隶书,以使书写趋向简易,古文字体便从此止绝了。

从这个时候起,秦代的书法有八种体势,第一叫大篆,第二叫小篆,第三叫刻符,第四叫虫书,第五叫摹即,第六叫署书,第七叫殳书,第八叫隶书。汉朝建国以后有草书。

汉朝的法令规定,学童十七岁以后开始应考,能够背诵、读写九千个汉字的人,才能做书史小吏;进一步是用书法「八体」考试他们。通过郡试之后,上移给中央太史令再行考试,成绩最优的人,被用为枢秘处的秘书。官吏的公文、奏章,文字写得不正确,「尚书史」就检举、弹劾他们。如今条令虽在,却停止了考核,文字之工不讲习,士人不通汉字之学很久了。

汉宣帝时,徵召到一位能够读识古文字《仓颉篇》的人,宣帝派张敞跟着那人学习。(在这以后)凉州的地方官杜业,沛地人爰礼,讲学大夫秦近,也能读识古文字。汉平帝时,徵召爰礼等一百多人,要他们在未央官讲说文字,尊奉爰礼做「小学元士」,黄门侍郎杨雄採集大家的解说着了《训纂篇》。《训纂篇》总括了《仓颉篇》以来的十四部字书,计五千三百四十字,典籍所用的字,大都收入该书了。

到了王莽执政摄行王事的时候,他要大司空甄丰等人检校书籍,以标榜自己尽力于制礼作乐之事。这期间对古文字很有一些改动。那时有六种字体,第一叫古文,这种文字出自孔子住宅墙壁中收藏的一批古籍;第二叫奇字,它也是古文,不过字体又同古文有别:第三叫篆书,也就是小篆:第四叫左书,即秦朝的隶书,是秦始皇使下杜人程邈创制的;第五叫缪篆,是用在玺符印鉴上的文字;第六叫鸟虫书,是写在旗幡等物上的。

鲁恭王拆毁孔子住宅,(无意中)得到了《礼记》、《尚书》、《春秋》、《论语》、《孝经》等古文典籍。(古文典籍)还有北平侯张仓所献的《左传》。一些郡县、诸侯国也往往从地下发掘出前代的宝鼎和器物。它们的铭文就是前代的古文。(这些古文字资料)彼此多相似,虽说不能再现远古文字的全貌,但是先秦古文字的情况却能知道大概了。世人无知,极力否定、诋毁古文,认为古文是好奇的人故意改变现行文字的写法,假托出自孔子住宅墙壁,伪造出来的不能知晓的文字;(认为古文)是诡变正字,搅乱常规;(认为拥护古文的人)是想借它炫耀于世。

很有一些儒生(喜欢凭着臆断)争着抢着解说文字和《经》义。他们把秦朝才有的隶书当做仓颉时代的文字,说什么「文字是父子相传的,那里会改变昵」?他们竟然瞎说:「马字头作一人字是长。」「人握十是斗。」「虫字是屈写中字的一竖。」掌刑官解说法令,竟至于凭着拆析字形来臆断刑律,比如「苛人受钱」(原义是禁止恐吓人犯,索取贿赂,「苛」是「诃」的假借字,可是)有人说,「苛」字(上为「止」,下为「句」),意思是「止句」。类似上文的例子多得不胜枚举,(这些解说)都同孔壁中出土的古文字形不合,同史籀大篆的字体相违。粗俗浅薄的人,欣赏自己习见的东酉,对于少见的事物则格格不入,(他们)没见过宏通的学问,不知道汉字的规律、法则,把古文典籍看成异端,把无稽之谈当做真理,把自己知道的东西看得神妙至极。(他们)探究圣人着述的深意,又看到《仓颉篇》中有「幼子承诏」一句,便说《仓颉篇》是黄帝时代写的,说那句话寓有黄帝仙去,让幼子承嗣的深意。他们迷误不通,能不违背事理吗?

《尚书》记载,舜帝说;「我想看看古人绘製的图像。」这话表明舜帝制订制度,必按旧典行事,而不穿凿附会。孔子说:「我还能看到史书存疑的地方。」又说:「(这种「存疑精神」)现在的人没有了啊!」(「存疑」)不是作者自己不懂就不闻不间,(而是担心)人若凭着自己的猜想去解释古史古事,那就会弄得是非没有定準;巧言诡辩将给世上的学习、研究者造成疑团、困扰。文字是经史百家之书的根基,是推行王道的首要条件,前人用它记述自己的经验传示给后人,后人依靠它认识古代的历史。孔子说「本立而道生」,这是因为(确立了根本)能使人懂得世上最深奥的道理,而不会再受困扰。现在我叙列篆文,参照古文、籀文,博採诸家之说,做到出言无论大小,都确凿有证,在考稽的基础上撰写出自己的说解。我想用这部书总编万物,剖辨谬误,使学习的人了悟(文字的本原),通达文字的妙意。我採用分立部首、以部首系联字头的办法编排文字,使它们不相错杂。万事万物都能从本书里见到,没有哪一样不涉及、不记载的。遇到读者不易明了的事物,我就援用可资说明的东西比喻它。书中提到孟喜的《易经》,孔安国的《尚书》,毛亨的《诗经》以及《周礼》《左传》《论语》《孝经》等,都指古文版本。遇到我不知道的事物,就告缺不论。……

《叙》文开列了十四篇五百四十部的目录。(本书收编汉字)九千三百五十三个,重文一千一百六十三个,解说词总计十三万三千四百四十一字。本书在部首排列上,把「一」部放在开头,编排汉字按照「类」相同则相聚的原则进行,使事物按照群体分开;「同条」者牵属一处,「同理」者贯连一起,排字有序,不相杂乱,依据字形逐个地繫联字头;从「一」字起头,申引、繫联开去,探究了上万个汉字的造字本原;把「亥」字列在篇末,从而可知变化至于穷极而复归于「一」。

时在汉朝,圣德熙熙,灿如日明,光武皇帝上承天命,躬行尧帝之道创建了大业,中华内外尽受汉皇之恩,这恩泽如雨如潮极大极盛。(皇家)隆兴学业,选拔人才不遗细民百姓;学士们知道治学之要,研讨(文字非常)精深,他们的见解可以传示后人(所以我採编以成此书)。这时是汉和帝永元十二年正月初一。

我是许氏的苗裔,祖宗应从炎帝、神农算起。远祖缙云氏辅佐过黄帝,远祖共工氏的帝位被高辛氏接替,远祖太岳氏辅佐夏禹,太岳氏的后人吕叔护卫周朝,被周天子分封到许,托庇祖宗护佑,许氏世代相继。自那以后许家又从许地迁到汝南,从此我的嫡宗就住在汝水边。

我仰慕圣人,不揣冒昧想挨近圣人之门。圣门高大得怎样?像南山一样崔巍。我想中途作罢,但又不能。我已经用尽了鲁钝之才,可惜「道味」未通,听到「疑」也只能记个「疑」。我推演圣人造字之意,编述了自己的浅薄见解。我对这门学问懂得不多,倘若有明显错误,希望通家纠正它。 

许慎简介


In ancient times, the king of Pao Shi was the king of the world. If you look up, you will see the image in the sky, and if you look down, you will see the Dharma in the earth. The text of birds and animals is appropriate to the earth. Take all bodies near and things far away; So he began to make the eight trigrams of Yi to hang the constitutional image. And Shennong, who tied ropes for governance and unified their affairs. The common industry is numerous, and the fake is born. Cang Jie, the historian of the Yellow Emperor, saw the traces of birds and animals' hooves. He knew that the division could be different. He first made a written deed. A hundred works are used to observe, and ten thousand products are used to cover and take all kinds of goods. "Yu, Yang in the king's court", the speaker, propaganda and education, Ming in the king's court, "the gentleman therefore Shi Lu and lower, the virtue is (Ming) taboo". At the beginning of Cangjie's writing, it was also covered by hieroglyphics, so it was called Zhiwen. Later, the combination of form and sound is called Zhizi. The writer is the foundation of objects and images; Words, words breed milk and range. Written on bamboo and silk, it is called a book. Book maker, ruye. Up to the time of the five emperors and three kings, it has changed its special style and was granted Mount Tai for 70, two generations, with the same style. Zhou Li: at the age of eight, he entered primary school. Bao's family taught the children of the country. First, he learned six books. One is to tell the truth. Those who refer to things can see and see through observation, and "up and down" is also. Second, pictograph. The pictograph is painted into its object and displayed with the body, "sun and moon" is also. Third, form and sound. The figurative voice takes things as its name and takes analogy to form each other. "River and river" is also. Fourth, understanding. Understanding is more than friendship, so as to see and refer to "martial arts and faith". On the fifth day, transfer notes. Those who transfer notes, build a class, agree to accept it, and "test, old" is also true. On the sixth day, it was borrowed. If you borrow something, you have nothing to do. If you ask for something by voice, "order and long" is also true. And King Xuan taishizhen, with 15 large seal characters, which are different from ancient Chinese. To the six classics written by Confucius, Zuo Qiuming described the spring and autumn biography, all in ancient Chinese, Jue meaning can be obtained and said. Later, the princes ruled by force and did not unify with the king. Evil rites and music are harmful to oneself, and all of them go to their classics. It is divided into seven countries, with different fields, different tracks of vehicles, different laws and regulations, different systems of clothes, different voices and different characters. At the beginning of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, the Prime Minister Li Sinai played the same, but he did not agree with the Qin literature. Si wrote Cangjie. The CRRC government ordered Zhao Gao to write the calendar. The great history made Hu Wujing erudite. They all take the large seal script of Shi Zhen, or the so-called small seal script. It was time for Qin to eliminate books and eliminate old codes. Big hair officials and soldiers, Xing garrison. There were numerous official and prison posts. At the beginning, there were clerical script, which was interesting and easy, and the ancient prose was unique. Since the Qin Dynasty, there are eight styles: one is the big seal, the other is the small seal, the third is the engraved symbol, the fourth is the insect script, the fifth is the copy, the sixth is the signature, the seventh is the Shu, and the eighth is the official script. Hanxing has cursive script. Wei LV: the test starts when the student is over seventeen. Satirize the book of nine thousand words, but get history. And eight body test. The county moved to Taishi and took classes. Most people think that Shangshu history. If the book is not correct, it is often impeached. Today, although there are Wei laws, no classes, no primary school, Mo Da Qi said for a long time. When Emperor Xiaoxuan called Cangjie readers, Zhang Chang accepted them. Du ye, an assassin of Liangzhou, was so polite that he was able to speak with Qin Jin, a lecturer. During the reign of emperor Xiaoping, more than 100 people, including Li, ordered that the text was not in the central court, and Li was the primary yuan scholar. Yang Xiong, a servant of the yellow gate, collected it for training and compilation. All the following 14 chapters of Cangjie, and all the five thousand three hundred and forty words contained in the books, are slightly saved. And the death of the new residence, so that the Department of school documents such as Da Sikong Zhen Feng. He thought he should make it, so he changed the ancient prose quite a bit. At that time, there were six books: one was ancient Chinese, and Confucius wrote in the wall. Second, strange characters, namely the official script of Qin Dynasty. It was made by Cheng Miao, an envoy of Emperor Qinshihuang. Five said Miao Zhuan, so copying is also necessary. On the sixth day, birds and insects write, so the book flag letter is also true. The king of Lu destroyed Confucius' house and got the book of rites, Shangshu, spring and autumn, Analects of Confucius and filial piety. And the biography of Zuo clan in the spring and Autumn period by Zhang Cangxian, Duke of Beiping. Prefectures and states often get Dingyi from mountains and rivers. Their inscriptions are ancient writings of previous generations, which are self similar. Although it is impossible to see the distant current again, it can be explained in detail. The people of the world are not Zi. They think that those who are curious are also curious. Therefore, they are more crafty. The walls of the country make up unknowable books and often go through disturbances to shine on the world. All the students competed to say words and understand the friendship between the classics. They called the official script of Qin Dynasty Cangjie Shishu, saying, "it's handed down from father to son, how can it be changed!" Nai lewd said, "a horse's head is long, a man holds ten for fighting, and a worm is bent in the middle." Ting Wei said that the law was to judge the law by words: "the harsh person receives money, and the harsh word ends with a sentence." If there are many of them, they are not in line with Confucius' ancient prose and are fallacious in history. I'm a vulgar scholar. I love what I've learned and hide what I want to hear. There is no general knowledge, and there is no rule of the word. Strange and good at wild words, take what they know as the secret and wonderful, and study the tiny words of the saints in the cave. See also Cangjie's "young son accepts the imperial edict", because it says: "what the ancient emperor did, his words have the skill of immortals." Is it not contrary to its mistakes! The book said, "I want to see the image of the ancients." Words must follow the old text without chiseling. Confucius said, "I am still in the absence of history. Now my husband is dead." Gaifei didn't know and didn't ask. People use their own private, right and wrong, and skillfully say evil words, which makes scholars all over the world doubt. Those who cover words are the foundation of classics and art and the beginning of Wang Zheng. Forefathers fall behind, and posterity knows the ancient. Therefore, he said, "the foundation is established and the Tao is born." Know the essence of the world and don't mess it up. Today's narrative seal characters are combined with ancient Chinese characters. As for the small and the big, we should be knowledgeable. If you believe and have evidence, write your story. Will be able to reason groups, solve fallacies, know scholars and reach God. Separate from each other, not mixed toilets. All things are salty to see, but not to carry. Jue friendship is not clear, so it is clear to use metaphor. They are called Yi Meng, Shu Kong, Shi Mao, Li Zhou official, Zuo in the spring and Autumn period, the Analects of Confucius and the filial piety Sutra, all of which are also ancient. It is unknown, and there is no cover& lt; Shuo Wen Jie Zi Xu & gt; Author: Xu Fuchang, Department of Chinese, National Taiwan University source: http://ceiba.cc.ntu.edu.tw/------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In ancient times, the Fuqi family ruled the world. He looked up at the sky, looked down at the geography, observed the image of birds and animals and the pulse of the earth, and took the method from himself near and from other things far. On this basis, he created the book of changes and eight trigrams to show good and bad luck. In the era of Shennong, the method of tying rope and recording events was used to govern the society and manage the affairs at that time. There were more and more industries and chores in the society, and the concealment and falsification also happened. (in the era of the Yellow Emperor,) Cang Jie, the historian of the Yellow Emperor, saw the footprints of birds and animals, realized that the texture was different and birds and animals could be distinguished, so he began to create words. (after the words are used in society), there are rules for all kinds of work, and ten thousand kinds are clear. The original intention of Cangjie's writing is probably derived from the "Gua", which says that ministers should assist the king and make the king's government run smoothly. That is to say, Cang Jie created words to publicize religious orders, advocate style and contribute to the governance of kings. The use of written tools by kings is more convenient to give grace to their subjects, and their subjects should be based on morality. They must not rely on the work of writing to get knights and salaries. Cangjie first created characters by drawing shapes according to objects, so they were called "characters". Then he created integrated ideographic characters and pictophonetic characters to expand the number of characters. These characters are called "characters". Calling it "character" means that it comes from the breeding of "text", which increases the number of characters. Writing words on bamboo slips and silk is called "book". "Book" means writing things like them. (text) through the long years of "Five Emperors" and "three kings", some have changed their strokes: some have created variants, so the stone carvings left by the 72 generation monarchs who granted Zen worship in Mount Tai have different fonts. Zhou Li stipulates that eight year old children of the taxi nationality enter the primary school, and the school officials teach them the "six books" first. "Six books" The first is "pointing to things". The meaning of pointing to things is: the shape and structure seem to be recognized, but the meaning of the word can be known only after investigation. The upper and lower words are examples. The second is called hieroglyphic. The meaning of hieroglyphic is: draw the object by drawing. The twists and turns of the wave potential of the stroke are consistent with the situation of natural objects. The word sun and moon is an example. The third is called Pictophonetic. The meaning of pictophonetic is to select sound symbols and meaning symbols that can be compared to form words according to the nature and name of things. The word Jiang River is an example. The fourth is called understanding. The meaning of understanding is: compare and combine the word elements related to reason to form words; The meaning or purport of new characters can be known by blending the meaning of morphemes. The word Wuxin is an example. The fifth is called Zhuanzhu. The meaning of Zhuanzhu is: establish a word as the head and root, and create generic words. Generic words inherit the shape, sound and meaning of the root word and are connected with the meaning of the root word. This is an example of Kaolao two words. The sixth is called borrowing. The meaning of borrowing is that you don't make words for something, but according to the name of something, find a homonym to represent it, and make the long two words belong to this example. At the time of King Xuan's Taishi Zhen of Zhou Dynasty, 15 large seal characters were sorted out, and the Zhen text was different from the ancient text. (however, ancient prose is still in use.) ancient prose was still used until Confucius wrote the "Six Classics" and Zuo Qiuming wrote Zuo Zhuan; The shape and meaning of ancient prose are still well known by scholars. Later (in the Warring States period), the princes relied on violence to govern and disobeyed the son of Zhou; They abhor rites and music, which harm themselves, and abandon the classics (go their own way). Each Abbot has different sizes, and each Abbot has different rules and regulations. Each Abbot has different sizes and different hats. When Qin Shihuang first destroyed the six kingdoms, Prime Minister Lisi asked to unify the system and abolish those words that were not consistent with the characters of Qin. (Li Si et al. Negative Jia standardized the text.) Li Si wrote Cangjie, Zhao Gao, the order of Zhongche government, wrote Yuanli, and Hu Wujing, the order of Taishi, wrote erudition. They all use the font of Shi Zhen big seal, and some characters have been simplified and changed. This font is what people call "small seal". At this time, Qin Shihuang burned the Scriptures, eliminated ancient books, collected and issued officials and soldiers, vigorously promoted Garrison and corvee service, and there were many affairs in government offices and prisons. Therefore, official script was produced to make the writing easier, and the ancient font stopped from now on. From this time on, the calligraphy of the Qin Dynasty has eight forms. The first is called the big seal, the second is called the small seal, the third is called the engraved symbol, the fourth is called the insect script, the fifth is called the copy, that is, the sixth is called the signature script, the seventh is called the Shu, and the eighth is called the official script. After the founding of the Han Dynasty, there was cursive script. According to the laws of the Han Dynasty, only those who can recite, read and write 9000 Chinese characters can become clerical officials; Further, they were tested with calligraphy "eight body". After passing the county examination, he was transferred to the central Taishi order for further examination. The person with the best score was used as the Secretary of the pivot Secretariat. If the official documents and memorials of the officials were not written correctly, "Shangshu history" reported and impeached them. Now, although the rules and regulations exist, the examination has been stopped, the work of writing has not been taught, and the scholars have been unable to learn Chinese characters for a long time. During the reign of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, he recruited a person who could read the ancient text Cangjie, and Emperor Xuan sent Zhang Chang to follow him. (after that) Du ye, a local official in Liangzhou, and Peidi people were so polite that Qin Jin, a lecturer, could also read ancient characters. During the reign of emperor Hanping, more than 100 people, such as Yuan Li, were summoned to speak at Weiyang officials and to honor Yuan Li as a "primary school scholar". Yang Xiong, a servant of the yellow gate, collected everyone's explanations and wrote the "training and compilation chapter". "Xun Zhuan Pian" summarizes the 14 character books since "Cangjie Pian", with a total of 5340 characters. Most of the characters used in ancient books are included in the book. When Wang Mang was in power to take pictures of the king, he asked Da Sikong Zhen Feng and others to check the books to mark them